It was the language of China’s last imperial dynasty which ruled a vast kingdom for nearly three centuries. But 71 year old Ji Jinlu is among only a handful of native Manchu speakers left.Traders and farmers from what are now the borders of China and Korea, the Manchus took advantage of a crumbling Ming state and swept south in the 1600s to establish their own Qing Dynasty.Manchu became the court language, its angular, alphabetic script used in millions of documents produced by one of the world’s preeminent powers.
Now after centuries of decline followed by decades of repression, septuagenarian Ji is the youngest of some nine mother-tongue speakers left in Sanjiazi village, one of only two places in China where they can be found.”We mostly speak Chinese these days — otherwise young people don’t understand,” he said, in his sparsely-furnished hut beside cornfields, before launching into a self-composed Manchu lullaby.Manchu is classed as “critically endangered” by the United Nations’ cultural organisation UNESCO, which says that half of the more than 6,000 languages spoken worldwide are threatened with extinction, a major loss of knowledge and diversity for humanity.
But schemes to save Manchu are spreading as ethnic consciousness grows among the 10-million-strong minority.The sign for the village primary school in Sanjiazi, in the northeastern province of Heilongjiang, is in Manchu’s vertical script, with posters in the language written by pupils lining its corridors.Staring intently at an electronic display, a class shouted the Manchu alphabet, followed by words for “umbrella” and “cow”.
But instruction was in Chinese, the everyday language of school life, as were the bellowed lyrics of a song titled: “We are the good Manchu children”.
Teacher Shi Junguang, who painstakingly learnt Manchu from older residents and records native speakers before they pass away, wore a red and turquoise robe with gold sleeves reminiscent of the group’s traditional apparel.But, now, he said, the Manchu “don’t really have any special ethnic characteristics in food or dress.””The main thing we have here is the language.Many remaining Manchus hid their languageChina saw massive territorial expansion before it weakened in the 19th century, assailed by corruption and pressure from European and other foreign powers.
Discrimination against non-Manchu Chinese remained rife and helped fuel a series of rebellions which finally saw the dynasty overthrown in 1911.Republican leader Sun Yat-sen declared: “To restore the Chinese nation, we must drive the barbarian Manchus back to the Changbai Mountains,” their ancestral homeland.Many remaining Manchus hid their language, a trend which intensified under Communist leader Mao Zedong, who launched campaigns to eradicate foreign and traditional culture.At the height of Maoism, “No one spoke the language,” recalled Ji. “It was a time of destroying old culture. Who would dare?”Political controls relaxed in the 1980s following Mao’s death, and Yang Yuan, an ethnic Manchu historian in Beijing, said: “Manchu consciousness has started re-emerging, and now it’s getting stronger and stronger.”
Several universities currently offer Manchu courses, and enthusiasts in major cities have formed clubs to study it.China has launched a massive project to translate Qing documents into modern Chinese, an effort aimed at promoting a view of the dynasty as essentially Chinese.But the language is also studied by academics abroad, including many in Japan and the U.S.Last year overseas historians were branded “splittists” whose work “endangers Chinese unity” in the official journal of the State-run Chinese Academy for Social Sciences, in a sign of official fears over Qing history.
But Harvard University professor Mark Eliot said that teaching Manchu was considered less of a threat by the ruling party than Tibetan or the language of the mainly Muslim Uighur minority, as China’s northeastern provinces were now “so firmly welded” into the country that accusations of separatism were implausible.”That makes Manchu a little bit safer,” he added.
‘Our English is better’
Sanjiazi is “more of symbolic value as the last bastion of Manchu speakers,” Eliot said. “If the effort is to revive Manchu in a way that it would be used in everyday life, I don’t see much chance of success.”Teacher Shi admitted that his charges only have “some understanding” of the language. Internet savvy young people have little use for it and dream of leaving the remote settlement.Outside school, a group of blue-uniformed children struggled to remember the Manchu word for “goodbye”, one adding in Chinese: “To be honest, our English is better.”
One of the few mother-tongue speakers, Meng Xianren, 85, recalled a poverty-stricken youth punctuated by traditional Manchu pursuits, such as rabbit hunting using trained eagles.He repeated a Manchu phrase meaning “where are you from?” to 14-year-old Li Kechao, who hovered in his doorway.She did her best to parrot the question back to the village elder, before admitting: “I don’t understand.”Spitting on a stone floor, Meng declared: “Manchus once ruled over the Han people. But that time is over”.”We’ve become like them,” he added with resignation. “There’s no difference.”
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